• Digestion
• Nutrition and Diet
**Diabetes & Glucose**
Diabetes are can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. Diabetes is also an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases. It takes part in the lives of nearly 17 million people which is actually 8% of the population. To think that most of those are from people who are obese. That's almost 8 out of 33 people. More surprisingly, 12 million MORE people have the disease and don't have a clue...yet. Diabetes is very expensive and is the third leading cause of death. Heart disease is the big #1 and cancer is #2. Insufficient production of insulin, production of defective insulin, or the inability of cells to use insulin properly leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes. The lacking of insulin is found in type I diabetes. Type II diabetes deals with the dcline of beta cells. Glucose is an essential nutrient that provides body cells with the power to do their work. Glucose can't enter the cells by itself though! It needs insulin to get into those stubborn cells. When they are unable to get in because of the lack of insulin, the cells lose energy even though the blood stream is full of it. Instead, that glucose is digested and emptied from the body in the form of urine. When food enters the body, the blood glucose level rises. The pancreas tends to release more insulin into the bloodstream to help glucose enter the cells and lower blood glucose levels. When the blood glucose levels are lowered, the insulin release from the pancreas is lowered, too.
**Digestion**
The beginning of the process of digestion takes place inside the mouth. Teeth are needed to chew and break apart the foods we eat and our saliva contains enzymes that help to break apart that food. The tongue helps the body swallow, taking in the food. As you swallow this food, a palate and epiglottis patch up the air passage so the food can continue to flow through without a collision.
The food will end up in the stomach where it will be further broken down from the acidic juices that the stomach secretes.
The small intestine, specifically, the duodenum, will get these broken down substances from the liver and the pancreatic juice comes to join from the pancreas. The process of chemical digestion finishes up the digestion to where the molecules and nutrients are stored and distributed throughout the body. The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are three organs that send these molecules to the duodenum.
The pancreas produces enzymes that are used for digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver produces the bile, which breaks down fat and gets it ready for further digestion. The liver also destroys dysfunctional, old blood cells and detoxifies the blood. It stores iron, and glycgen, breaks down gycogen to glucose, produce urea and plasma proteins, and it also helps regulate cholestrol levels. Last but not least would be the gallbladder. This gallbladder has the job to store the bile made from the liver. The nervous system and the body's hormones regulate the gallbladder's processes. At the end of digestion is the emptying of the body. This is also called defacation.
The large intestine has the important role of retaining water, salts and a few vitamins. It forms the feces and it finishes the process of defacation. There are many parts to this system, including the colon, cecum, rectum, and the anus. This entire system, the digestive system, takes place in the gastrointestinal tract. here are for layers of the wall in the digestive tract: the mucosa, submuscosa, muscularis, and the serosa. The mucosa is the first layer that produces the mucus, keeping the wall safe from the digestive enzymes. The second layer, the submucosa, is made of loose connective tissue with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves throughout it. This layer helps keep away disease. When disease gets its way, however, several illnesses such as chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss can occur. (Inflammatory bowel disease). Next is the muscularis which is actually a layer made from two layers of muscle. The inner layer is circular around the tract. These muscles will contract making digested food go from the esophagus to the anus. Problems with this layer can turn into irritable bowel sndrome (IBS). This is seen with abdominal pain, constipation and/or diarrhea. The last layer, the serosa, is the internal lining of the abdominal cavity. It is the most important in protecting the body from serious disease.
**Nutrition and Diet**
Nutrition--something America is lacking on.
33% of all adults in the United States are now termed obese. Not only is obesity affecting adults, but young children and teenagers are being given the title of being obese more now than ever before.
Obesity brings with it a much larger risk of getting diabetes type II, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, an early death, gallbladder disease, respiratory disfunction, osteoarthritis, and some cancers. It is seen that those countries with a higher increase in income are seen with the higher obesity rates.
An obese person has a BMI of 32.3 to 39.9. An individual how has a BMI of 40+ is referred to as morbidly obese. There are many weight programs such as the atkins diet, zone diet, south beach diet, pritikin diet, etc. These are not the best as they limit foods and sometimes eliminate entire food groups. This prevents your body, starves your body, of the nutrients it needs to survive.
Mader describes that to reduce dietary sugar in your diet a person should:
1. Eat fewer sweets, such as candy, soft drinks, ice cream, and pastry.
2. Eat fresh fruits or fruits canned without heavy syrup.
3. Use less sugar--white, brown, or raw--and less honey and syrups.
4. Avoid sweetened breakfast cereals.
5. Eat less jelly, jam, and preserves.
6. Eat fresh fruit; especially avoid artificial fruit juices.
7. When cooking, use spices, such as cinnamon, instead of sugar to flavor foods.
8. Do not put sugar in tea or coffee.
9. Avoid potatoes and processed foods made from refined carbohydrates, such as white bread, rice, and pasta.
Also, Mader's advice on how to reduce saturated fats and trans fats in the diet:
1. Choose poultry, fish, or dry beans and peas as a protein source.
2. Remove skin from poultry, and trim fat from red meats before cooking place on a rack so that fat drains off.
3. Broil, boil or bake rather than fry.
4. Limit your intake of butter, cream, trans fats, shortenings, and tropical oils (coconut and palm oils).
5. Use herbs and spices to season vegetables instead of butter, margarine, or sauces. Use lemon juice instead of salad dressing.
6. Drink skim milk instead of whole milk, and use skim milk in cooking and baking.
And to reduce dietary cholesterol (also Mader)
1. Avoid cheese, egg yolks, liver, and certain shellfish (shrimp and lobster). Preferably, eat white fish and poultry.
2. Substitute egg whites for egg yolks in both cooking and eating.
3. Include soluble fiber in the diet. Oat bran, oatmeal, beans, corn, and fruits, such as apples, citrus fruits, and cranberries, are high in soluble fiber.
Carbohydrates are the source of our energy. Proteins are needed to produce proteins. ---> Beans are rich in both!
Vitamins and Minerals are also very crucial to a person's diet
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium those minerals that are needed in larger quantities of more than 100 mg a day. Zinc, iron, copper, iodine, selenium, and manganese are needed in smaller quantities of 20 mg a day.
Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamin A, D, E, and K. Vitamin C, B1, B2, B6, B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid, Folic acid, and Niacin are water-soluble vitamins.
The USDA changed the beloved food pyramid in 2005. Now, you are supposed to eat 6 oz of grains every day; 2 1/2 cups of veggies every day; 2 cups of fruits every day; 3 cups milk every day; and 5 1/2 oz of meats and beans ever day.
Works-Cited
Photograph representing the digestive system (man eating apple):
www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk
Photograph of yummy fruit:
www.thomsonedu.com
Photograph representing weight control:
www.extremefitness.info
Photograph representing obesity and it's effects on the body:
health.allrefer.com
Photograph of man made of food with little person inside:
keepitoff.blogs.com
Photograph of child obesity:
www.stolenchildhood.net
Photograph of the fat cat:
www.stuff.co.nz
Photograph of the stomach:
bio.bd.psu.edu
Photograph of the small intestine:
bio.bd.psu.edu
Photograph of the large intestine:
www.acm.uiuc.edu
Photograph of the many pills (nutrients):
brainblogger.com
Photograph joke of carrot prescription:
www.newmediaexplorer.org
Photograph of circular display of healthy foods:
www.wipp.nhs.uk
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